Soil horizons

 Soil horizons

In the soil profile, layers where the physical properties of the soil such as color, structure and texture and chemical properties such as acidity and nutrient capacity are different from the surface to the bottom.

 From top to bottom in a normal soil: 

O horizon: upper horizon covered by organic matter,

A horizon: the layer located in the upper part of the mineral layer, 

B horizon: the horizon in which various oxides accumulate with alkaline substances washed from the A horizon, especially carbonates and clays, 

C horizon: the layer that tightly reflects the properties of this material because it is formed from the decomposition of the parent material.